|
Abstract
Increasing evidence from both human and animal studies indicates that CD4+ T cells play a central role in orchestrating the host immune response against cancer and other diseases (1). While a number of MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens have been identified, relatively little is known about MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens recognized by CD4+ T cells. Recently, we developed a genetic targeting expression (GTE) approach to identifying such MHC class II tumor antigens by screening an invariant chain (Ii)-cDNA fusion library (2). These studies have revealed several mutated or fusion proteins that serve as MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens (2, 3, 4). The second approach, also called "Reverse Immunology", is to identify CD4+ T-cell epitopes from a given candidate antigen. We have used this method to identify several T-cell epitopes from NY-ESO-1, a potentially important tumor antigen, by the combined use of DR4-transgenic mice and an in vitro stimulation with peptides predicted by a computer-assisted DR4-binding algorithm (5, 6). Meanwhile, in collaboration with Dr. Old and his colleagues we are currently working on identification of CD4+ T-cell epitopes derived from breast, colon and prostate cancer antigens that are originally identified by SEREX (7). I will summarize the current status of MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens as well as their potential biological relevance to tumor development and metastasis.
To develop effective cancer vaccines, tumor immunologists have used dendritic cells pulsed with antigenic peptides as promising cancer vaccines. However, human clinical trials conducted at multiple institutions have not yet realized this promise (8). We recently developed a novel strategy to enhance antitumor immunity by intracellular delivery of antigenic peptides into dendritic cells. Vaccination of mice with DCs intracellularly loaded with peptides showed a complete protective immunity against subsequent tumor challenge and potent therapeutic effects on tumor growth, while peptide-pulsed DCs failed to elicit antitumor immunity (9, 10). Enhanced antitumor immunity induced by intracellularly loaded peptide-DCs requires the participation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Hence, the combined use of MHC class I and II restricted antigenic peptides and an effective delivery system may lead to developing potent cancer vaccines for the treatment of patients with cancer.
References
1. Wang RF. The role of MHC class II-restricted tumor antigens and CD4+ T cells in antitumor immunity. Trends Immunol 2001; 22: 269-76. (PMID: 11323286)
2. Wang RF, Wang X, Atwood AC, Topalian SL, Rosenberg SA. Cloning genes encoding MHC class II-restricted antigens: mutated CDC27 as a tumor antigen. Science 1999; 284: 1351-4. (PMID: 10334988)
3. Wang RF, Wang X, Rosenberg SA. Identification of a novel major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted tumor antigen resulting from a chromosomal rearrangement recognized by CD4(+) T cells. J Exp Med 1999; 189: 1659-68. (PMID: 10330445)
4. Wang HY, Zhou J, Zhu K, Riker AI, Marincola FM, Wang RF. Identification of a mutated fibronectin as a tumor antigen recognized by CD4+ T cells: its role in extracellular matrix formation and tumor metastasis. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1397-406. (PMID: 12045238)
5. Zeng G, Touloukian CE, Wang X, Restifo NP, Rosenberg SA, Wang RF. Identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes from NY-ESO-1 presented by HLA-DR molecules. J Immunol 2000; 165: 1153-9. (PMID: 10878395)
6. Zeng G, Wang X, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA, Wang RF. CD4+ T cell recognition of MHC class II-restricted epitopes from NY- ESO-1 presented by a prevalent HLA-DP4 allele: association with NY- ESO-1 antibody production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 3964-9. (PMID: 11259659)
7. Scanlan MJ, Welt S, Gordon CM, Chen YT, Gure AO, Stockert E, Jungbluth AA, Ritter G, Jager D, Jager E, Knuth A, Old LJ. Cancer-related serological recognition of human colon cancer: identification of potential diagnostic and immunotherapeutic targets. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 4041-7. (PMID: 12124339)
8. Dallal RM, Lotze MT. The dendritic cell and human cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12: 583-8. (PMID: 11007363)
9. Wang RF, Wang HY. Enhancement of antitumor immunity by prolonging antigen presentation on dendritic cells. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20: 149-54. (PMID: 11821860)
10. Wang HY, Fu T, Wang G, Zeng G, Perry-Lalley DM, Yang JC, Restifo NP, Hwu P, Wang RF. Induction of CD4+ T cell-dependent antitumor immunity by TAT-mediated tumor antigen delivery into dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 1463-70. (PMID: 12045260)
|
